viernes, 15 de septiembre de 2017

How to write a WELL WRITTEN PARAGRAPH - Entry # 7

   
     We have analyzed throughout the previous entries some key points to succeed in writing an academic paragraph. This entry refers to the ways in which a paragraph can be developed, highlighting the development by listing, by examples, by comparison, by contrast, and by definition.

To begin with, list paragraphs usually contain a combination of four sentence types that are analyzed into four general functions. Paragraph introducers establish the topic focus as a whole, they can have two types of sentences, the topic introducer to establish the focus discussion, followed by the topic sentence to delimit the topic; the developers support the previous ideas with details, the modulators provide a smooth transition between different ideas and the terminators that conclude the ideas discussed previously.. Finally, there are certain words (connectors) to help the paragraph proceed smoothly such as first, second, third, etc.


Underlying Ideas:
Ecological Transitions, Socionatural Systems, and Adaptive Behaviour

The theoretical background of most of the chapters in this Book is informed by three concepts:  “ecological transition”, socionatural system”, and “adaptation.” The first pertains to changes in relations of Homo sapiens and the physical Environment, as sapiens entered into his full capacity to shape the environment to his own ends. The second concept emphasizes an enduring reciprocity betweenhumans and the environment, regardless of the level of technological complesity or the particular “transition” under consideration. The third concept concerns the distinctive features of human behavior that underlie the human relationship to the environment – in particular, the remarkable plasticity of response and the ability to solve problems arising from such responses.


Underlying Ideas: 
Ecological Transitions, Socionatural Systems, and Adaptive Behaviour

The theoretical background of most of the chapters in this Book is informed by three concepts:  “ecological transition”, “socio natural system”, and “adaptation.” The first pertains to changes in relations of Homo sapiens and the physical Environment, as sapiens entered into his full capacity to shape the environment to his own ends. The second concept emphasizes an enduring reciprocity between humans and the environment, regardless of the level of technological complexity or the particular “transition” under consideration. The third concept concerns the distinctive features of human behavior that underlie the human relationship to the environment – in particular, the remarkable plasticity of response and the ability to solve problems arising from such responses.

Paragraph Introducers: Topic Sentence
Paragraph Developers: Supporting Sentences
Connectors: The first- The second- The third.



A comparison paragraph compares similar aspects or qualities of two subjects.


Essay: Capitalism vs. Socialism – Freedom vs. Control

Capitalism and Socialism are two economic systems that have opposing views on the end goal and how to reach it. Capitalism is centered around competition and privatization while Socialism is driven by social equality. As with any philosophy, there are positive and negative aspects. Capitalism’s focus on competitive economics downplays social reform. Socialism’s concentration on social equality often does not allow for rational economic decision making. Each with their strengths and weaknesses, both of these systems are fueled by good intentions. Often, good intentions are lost when policy makers wear blinders and fail to see their direction has been changed by their inability to incorporate proper freedom and control



Essay: Capitalism vs. Socialism – Freedom vs. Control

Capitalism and Socialism are two economic systems that have opposing views on the end goal and how to reach it. Capitalism is centered around competition and privatization while Socialism is driven by social equality. As with any philosophy, there are positive and negative aspects. Capitalism’s focus on competitive economics downplays social reform. Socialism’s concentration on social equality often does not allow for rational economic decision making. Each with their strengths and weaknesses, both of these systems are fueled by good intentions. Often, good intentions are lost when policy makers wear blinders and fail to see their direction has been changed by their inability to incorporate proper freedom and control.

Topic Sentence
Example Sentence
Transition Sentence
Restatement Sentence
Connectors:  As with…. There are….Each with…, bothe of these. Often
Key words:  Capitalism-Socialism. Freedom – Control.


Contrast paragraphs compare dissimilar aspects of two subjects and the topic sentence should point out those contrasts Paragraph developers may combine techniques of comparison, examples and contrast. This technique is used to describe similarities and differences of two subjects.


The idea of fairness is an equalizing cause that brings people together and spurs them into action. Both Capitalism and Socialism are grounded by the idea of fairness. It is, in essence, their focus. However, they both see fairness as measured by something entirely different from the other. Capitalists believe that fairness is found in the freedom of competitive pricing, production, and distribution of goods. It is also highlighted by the private ownership of property and decision making. Socialists believe fairness can only be achieved by the equal distribution of wealth and opportunity through collective means. The government owned and managed production and distribution of goods allows steady work for everyone and a society built on equal lifestyles. Capitalists reward their labor with possibilities of wealth, power and property. Socialists offer social justice through equal opportunity, pay, and care. The workforce for each magnifies this key difference of focus and cause.


(The idea of fairness is an equalizing cause that brings people together and spurs them into action.) T.I.( Both Capitalism and Socialism are grounded by the idea of fairness.)T.S. It is, in essence, their focus. However, they both see fairness as measured by something entirely different from the other.( Capitalists believe that fairness is found in the freedom of competitive pricing, production, and distribution of goods. It is also highlighted by the private ownership of property and decision making).E1 (Socialists believe fairness can only be achieved by the equal distribution of wealth and opportunity through collective means. The government owned and managed production and distribution of goods allows steady work for everyone and a society built on equal lifestyles.)E2 (Capitalists reward their labor with possibilities of wealth, power and property.)E1 Socialists offer social justice through equal opportunity, pay, and care.E2 The workforce for each magnifies this key difference of focus and cause.
Introducer paragraph.T.I. Topic Introducer.  T.S. Topic Sentence
Developer paragraphs (E1) Example 1- (E2) Example 2
Terminator paragraph.
Key words:  fairness-Capitalism- Socialism- Differen –Equal – Distribution
Connectors:  However (to express contrast) 




The definition paragraph usually found at the beginning of a book or a paper to define a new subject.

Molecular gastronomy
 In 1988, a new scientific discipline, molecular gastronomy, was defined as ‘looking for the mechanisms of phenomena occurring during dish preparation and consumption’ .This new definition presented the opportunity to discuss the precise content of molecular gastronomy and its relationship with other existing fields of science.

Molecular gastronomy

(In 1988, a new scientific discipline, molecular gastronomywas defined as ‘looking for the mechanisms of phenomena occurring during dish preparation and consumption.) T:S: (This new definition presented the opportunity to discuss the precise content of molecular gastronomy and its relationship with other existing fields of science.) R

Key words:  molecular gastronomy-mechanisms of phenomena- preparation- consumption
                   The definition and explanation of the key word is in the first sentence.(T:S): Topic Sentence
R. Restatement sentence describes, explains or defines an unfamiliar term. It can be developed by using contrast, by comparison, by synthesis, or some combinations of these sentence types.  

Hibrid paragraph is a combination of different sentence styles
The next example is a combination of a Comparison and an Example paragraph.


Molecular gastronomy is a scientific discipline, and note by note cuisine is the next culinary trend


Abstract


For the past two decades, there has been much confusion about molecular gastronomy. This confusion has arisen because people ignore that the word gastronomy does not mean cuisine, it means knowledge about food. Similar to ‘molecular biology’, molecular gastronomy is a scientific discipline that looks for the mechanisms of phenomena occurring during dish preparation and consumption. As with any other scientific discipline, it can have many applications. One of the first was ‘molecular cuisine’ but since 1994, ‘note by note cuisine’ has also been promoted. The latter involves preparing dishes using pure compounds, or more practically mixture of compounds obtained by fractioning plant or animal tissues, instead of using these tissues themselves. Note by note cuisine raises issues in various fields: science, technology, nutrition, physiology, toxicology and politics.

For the past two decades, there has been much confusion about molecular gastronomy. (T:I:) This confusion has arisen because people ignore that the word gastronomy does not mean cuisine, it means knowledge about food (T:S:). Similar to ‘molecular biology’, molecular gastronomy is a scientific discipline that looks for the mechanisms of phenomena occurring during dish preparation and consumption. As with any other scientific discipline, it can have many applications. One of the first was ‘molecular cuisine’ but since 1994, ‘note by note cuisine’ has also been promoted. The latter involves preparing dishes using pure compounds, or more practically mixture of compounds obtained by fractioning plant or animal tissues, instead of using these tissues themselves. Note by note cuisine raises issues in various fields: science, technology, nutrition, physiology, toxicology and politics.


                     Paragraph introducer: (T.I.)Topic introducer. (T.S.)Topic sentence.                     Paragraph developers: Supporting sentences.                     Paragraph modulator                     Paragraph terminator Connectors: similar to - as with any others                     one of the first -but - since- instead of- the latter
Key words: molecular- gastronomy- confussion- cuissine-  




Bibliography
Bennet, John W, 1915-Human Ecology as Human Behaviour: essays in Environmental and Development Anthropology,


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